Source data for Frequently asked questions (FAQ): drug overdose deaths in Europe

This data bundle contains all source data for graphics and visualisation used on the page, Frequently asked questions (FAQ): drug overdose deaths in Europe.

List of tables

Table A. Year of most recent overdose data
Country Country code Year
Austria AT 2021
Belgium BE 2019
Bulgaria BG 2021
Croatia HR 2021
Cyprus CY 2021
Czechia CZ 2021
Denmark DK 2020
Estonia EE 2021
Finland FI 2021
France FR 2018 or earlier
Germany DE 2021
Greece EL 2019
Hungary HU 2021
Ireland IE 2018 or earlier
Italy IT 2021
Latvia LV 2021
Lithuania LT 2021
Luxembourg LU 2021
Malta MT 2021
Netherlands NL 2021
Norway NO 2021
Poland PL 2020
Portugal PT 2020
Romania RO 2021
Slovakia SK 2021
Slovenia SI 2021
Spain ES 2020
Sweden SE 2021
Türkiye TR 2021

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Table 1. Drug-induced deaths in the European Union, Norway and Türkiye: total number among adults aged 15-64 years if available, otherwise all ages, 2021
Country Year Number of deaths (all ages) Number of deaths (15-64 years) Number of deaths (15-64 years if available, otherwise all ages) Deaths per million (15-64 years)
Germany (1) 2021 1826   1826  
Spain 2020 774 585 585 19
France (1) 2017 417   417  
Sweden 2021 450 410 410 64
Italy 2021 293 288 288 8
Finland 2021 287 271 271 79
Türkiye 2021 270 269 269 5
Netherlands 2021 298 262 262 23
Austria 2021 235 234 234 39
Greece 2019 230 229 229 34
Ireland 2017 235 227 227 73
Norway 2021 241 222 222 63
Poland 2020 229 187 187 7
Denmark 2020 197 164 164 44
Belgium 2019 168 149 149 20
Croatia 2021 77 74 74 28
Lithuania 2021 62 61 61 34
Slovenia 2021 65 60 60 44
Portugal 2020 63 58 58 9
Czechia 2021 64 53 53 8
Hungary 2021 42 41 41 6
Estonia 2021 39 34 34 40
Romania 2021 30 30 30 2
Slovakia 2021 28 27 27 7
Bulgaria 2021 20 18 18 4
Latvia 2021 17 17 17 14
Cyprus 2021 10 10 10 17
Luxembourg 2021 5 5 5 11
Malta (1) 2021 5   5  

(1) No age breakdown was available in 2019 for Germany, therefore all cases are counted instead of only those aged 15-64 years.

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Table 2. Drug-induced mortality rates per million among adults (15-64): selected trends
Country 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Austria 33 35 28 24 21 26 28 26 31 33 32 39
Croatia 25 21 16 17 21 19 20 23 30 37 37 28
Denmark 64 76 61 58 63 50 62 53 43 44 44  
Estonia 112 138 192 127 113 102 132 130 43 30 38 40
Finland 42 53 58 54 47 43 53 55 72 65 72 79
Norway 74 77 70 68 76 82 75 66 77 73 85 63
Slovenia 18 17 18 20 20 22 29 32 41 51 46 44
Sweden 56 57 65 72 96 103 90 94 84 79 73 64
EU27+2 14 14 13 14 15 17 17 19 16 15 15 16

(1) No age breakdown was available for Germany. 

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Table 3. Drug-induced mortality rates per million among adults (15-64)
Country Year Females Males Total Deaths per million - Females (category) Deaths per million - Males (category) Deaths per million - Total (category)
Austria 2021 12 67 39 10-40 >40 10-40
Belgium 2019 7 33 20 <10 10-40 10-40
Bulgaria 2021 0 8 4 <10 <10 <10
Croatia 2021 9 48 28 <10 >40 10-40
Cyprus 2021 0 34 17 <10 10-40 10-40
Czechia 2021 5 11 8 <10 10-40 <10
Denmark 2020 22 66 44 10-40 >40 >40
Estonia 2021 14 66 40 10-40 >40 10-40
Finland 2021 38 120 79 10-40 >40 >40
France 2016 3 16 9 <10 10-40 <10
Germany 2017 6 35 21 <10 10-40 10-40
Greece 2019 8 60 34 <10 >40 10-40
Hungary 2021 3 9 6 <10 <10 <10
Ireland 2017 41 105 73 >40 >40 >40
Italy 2021 2 14 8 <10 10-40 <10
Latvia 2021 2 27 14 <10 10-40 10-40
Lithuania 2021 4 63 34 <10 >40 10-40
Luxembourg 2021 5 18 11 <10 10-40 10-40
Malta 2018 0 18 9 <10 10-40 <10
Netherlands 2021 9 37 23 <10 10-40 10-40
Norway 2021 39 87 63 10-40 >40 >40
Poland 2020 4 11 7 <10 10-40 <10
Portugal 2020 1 18 9 <10 10-40 <10
Romania 2021 0 4 2 <10 <10 <10
Slovakia 2021 3 12 7 <10 10-40 <10
Slovenia 2021 9 76 44 <10 >40 >40
Spain 2020 6 31 19 <10 10-40 10-40
Sweden 2021 38 88 64 10-40 >40 >40
Türkiye 2021 1 9 5 <10 <10 <10

Note: No age break down available in Germany.

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Table 4. Proportion of males among drug-related deaths in the European Union, Norway and Türkiye, 2021
Country Year Proportion Proportion (categories) Total cases
Austria 2021 85 75-85 235
Belgium 2019 77 75-85 168
Bulgaria 2021 90 >85 20
Croatia 2021 84 75-85 77
Cyprus 2021 100 >85 10
Czechia 2021 67 <75 64
Denmark 2020 71 <75 197
Estonia 2021 74 <75 39
Finland 2021 75 75-85 287
France 2017 74 <75 417
Germany 2021 83 75-85 1826
Greece 2019 89 >85 230
Hungary 2021 71 <75 42
Ireland 2017 70 <75 235
Italy 2021 90 >85 293
Latvia 2021 94 >85 17
Lithuania 2021 92 >85 62
Luxembourg 2021 80 75-85 5
Malta 2021 100 >85 5
Netherlands 2021 77 75-85 298
Norway 2021 67 <75 241
Poland 2020 68 <75 229
Portugal 2020 94 >85 63
Romania 2021 93 >85 30
Slovakia 2021 79 75-85 28
Slovenia 2021 85 75-85 65
Spain 2020 72 <75 774
Sweden 2021 69 <75 450
Türkiye 2021 91 >85 270

Note: The total number of cases is low in some countries (fewer than 20 cases reported in Bulgaria, Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Malta). No age and gender breakdown was reported for Germany in 2019.

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Table 5. Distribution of drug-induced deaths reported in 2012 and in 2020, or most recent year, by age group
Age 2012 2021
15-19 84 129
20-24 337 309
25-29 597 457
30-34 729 613
35-39 607 759
40-44 525 673
45-49 447 591
50-54 258 411
55-59 184 298
60-64 83 180
65+ 147 311

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Table 6. Distribution of drug-induced deaths reported in 2021, or most recent year, by age group and by country
Country Year Females <30 Females 30-39 Females 40+ Males <30 Males 30-39 Males 40+ Total <30 Total 30-39 Total 40+
Austria 2021 16 8 11 74 58 68 90 66 79
Belgium 2019 5 4 30 16 36 77 21 40 107
Bulgaria 2021 0 1 1 3 8 7 3 9 8
Croatia 2021 0 4 8 5 21 39 5 25 47
Cyprus 2021 0 0 0 1 3 6 1 3 6
Czechia 2021 1 5 15 7 9 27 8 14 42
Denmark 2020 5 6 46 26 28 86 31 34 132
Estonia 2021 4 1 5 10 8 11 14 9 16
Finland 2021 23 19 30 77 55 83 100 74 113
France 2016 7 16 81 42 111 208 49 127 289
Germany 2017             206 423 496
Greece 2019 5 5 16 23 76 105 28 81 121
Hungary 2021 3 2 7 10 11 9 13 13 16
Ireland 2017 6 24 40 31 56 78 37 80 118
Italy 2021 5 14 11 35 57 171 40 71 182
Latvia 2021 0 1 0 5 7 4 5 8 4
Lithuania 2021 0 3 2 2 23 32 2 26 34
Luxembourg 2021 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 1 4
Malta 2018             0 3 0
Netherlands 2021 11 8 49 36 34 160 47 42 209
Norway 2021 10 10 59 32 39 91 42 49 150
Poland 2020 12 9 52 51 40 65 63 49 117
Portugal 2020 0 0 4 5 12 41 5 12 45
Romania 2021 0 1 1 2 18 8 2 19 9
Slovakia 2021 2 3 1 9 6 7 11 9 8
Slovenia 2021 1 1 8 6 18 31 7 19 39
Spain 2020 7 21 185 45 125 391 52 146 576
Sweden 2021 21 22 97 88 96 126 109 118 223
Türkiye 2021 16 3 6 99 79 66 115 82 72

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Table 7. Proportion of drug-induced deaths among older (40+ years) people in the European Union, Norway and Türkiye, 2020 (or most recent data available)
Country Year Proportion Proportion (categories)
Austria 2021 34 30-50%
Belgium 2019 64 >60%
Bulgaria 2021 40 30-50%
Croatia 2021 61 >60%
Cyprus 2021 60 >50-60%
Czechia 2021 66 >60%
Denmark 2020 67 >60%
Estonia 2021 41 30-50%
Finland 2021 39 30-50%
France 2016 62 >60%
Germany 2017 44 30-50%
Greece 2019 53 >50-60%
Hungary 2021 38 30-50%
Ireland 2017 50 30-50%
Italy 2021 62 >60%
Latvia 2021 24 <30%
Lithuania 2021 55 >50-60%
Luxembourg 2021 80 >60%
Malta 2018 0 <30%
Netherlands 2021 70 >60%
Norway 2021 62 >60%
Poland 2020 51 >50-60%
Portugal 2020 73 >60%
Romania 2021 30 30-50%
Slovakia 2021 29 <30%
Slovenia 2021 60 >50-60%
Spain 2020 74 >60%
Sweden 2021 50 30-50%
Türkiye 2021 27 <30%

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Table 8. Proportion of drug-induced deaths among older (40+ years) people in the European Union, Norway and Türkiye, 2021 (or most recent data available)
Country Year Proportion Proportion (categories)
Austria 2021 38 >30%
Belgium 2019 12 <15%
Bulgaria 2021 15 15-25%
Croatia 2021 6 <15%
Cyprus 2021 10 <15%
Czechia 2021 12 <15%
Denmark 2020 16 15-25%
Estonia 2021 36 >30%
Finland 2021 35 >30%
France 2016 11 <15%
Germany 2017 18 15-25%
Greece 2019 12 <15%
Hungary 2021 31 >30%
Ireland 2017 16 15-25%
Italy 2021 14 <15%
Latvia 2021 29 >25-30%
Lithuania 2021 3 <15%
Luxembourg 2021 0 <15%
Malta 2018 0 <15%
Netherlands 2021 16 15-25%
Norway 2021 17 15-25%
Poland 2020 28 >25-30%
Portugal 2020 8 <15%
Romania 2021 7 <15%
Slovakia 2021 39 >30%
Slovenia 2021 11 <15%
Spain 2020 7 <15%
Sweden 2021 24 15-25%
Türkiye 2021 43 >30%

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Table 9. Proportion of drug-induced deaths with opioids involved in the European Union, Norway and Türkiye, 2020 (or most recent data available)
Country Year Type of register Females Males Total Proportion (categories) among females Proportion (categories) among males Proportion (categories) among total
Latvia 2021 General register 100 29 38 >80% <50 <50
Belgium 2019 General register 80 41 49 50-80% <50 <50
Portugal 2015 General register 88 61 66 >80% 50-80% 50-80%
Bulgaria 2021 General register 100 78 82 >80% 50-80% >80%
Lithuania 2021 General register 100 79 80 >80% 50-80% 50-80%
Slovenia 2021 General register 88 68 71 >80% 50-80% 50-80%
Romania 2021 Special register 100 86 87 >80% >80% >80%
Hungary 2021 Special register 50 37 40 50-80% <50 <50
Slovakia 2021 Special register 50 41 43 50-80% <50 <50
Sweden 2021 General register 94 86 88 >80% >80% >80%
Czechia 2021 Special register 33 26 28 <50 <50 <50
Croatia 2021 General register 90 85 86 >80% >80% >80%
Ireland 2017 Special register 89 87 87 >80% >80% >80%
Denmark 2020 General register 96 97 96 >80% >80% >80%
Estonia 2021 General register 67 70 67 50-80% 50-80% 50-80%
Türkiye 2021 Special register 32 36 36 <50 <50 <50
Finland 2021 General register 83 89 88 >80% >80% >80%
Austria 2021 Special register 75 88 86 50-80% >80% >80%
Italy 2021 Special register 57 71 70 50-80% 50-80% 50-80%
Greece 2019 General register 69 85 83 50-80% >80% >80%
France 2017 General register 50 78 74 50-80% 50-80% 50-80%
Luxembourg 2021 Special register 0 100 80 <50 >80% 50-80%
Norway 2021 General register     84     >80%

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Table 10. Indexed trends in the number of deaths in selected countries in the south east of Europe, 2011-2020 (2011 = 100)
Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Bulgaria 100 70 50 57 73 60 80 37 80 67
Croatia 100 98 120 110 114 133 173 198 202 157
Greece 100 82 77 124 99 111 120 100    
Hungary 100 129 96 104 121 138 138 179 200 175
Romania 100 107 118 75 68 114 93 161 118 107
Slovakia 100 104 50 104 77 73 123 131 142 108
Slovenia 100 108 108 123 154 181 227 285 269 250
Türkiye 100 143 307 364 568 581 406 211 194 167
EU27+2 100 103 114 124 135 135 128 128 136 139

Note: Other countries in the southeast Europe, with fewer than 15 cases reported in 2019 or last year with available data, are not represented (Bulgaria, Cyprus and Malta). When a national data point was missing for the computation of the European index trend, it was replaced by the value of the preceding year.

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Table 11. Indexed trends in the number of deaths in selected countries in the north of Europe, 2011-2020 (2011 = 100)
Country 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Denmark 100 94 105 81 104 98 75 82 80  
Estonia 100 65 58 52 67 65 23 16 19 23
Finland 100 94 83 78 91 94 123 110 121 135
Ireland 100 122 122 128 119 127        
Latvia 100 65 88 106 106 129 118 71 124 100
Lithuania 100 77 124 164 156 119 84 74 67 89
Luxembourg 100 138 100 150 62 100 50 100 75 62
Netherlands 100 122 104 167 199 222 190 214 250 253
Norway 100 95 108 117 115 100 116 112 132 98
Sweden 100 112 147 157 141 150 136 129 122 105
EU27+2 100 103 114 124 135 135 128 128 136 139

Note: other countries in the north of Europe, with fewer than 15 cases reported in 2019 or last year with available data are not represented (Luxembourg and Latvia). When a national data point was missing for the computation of the European index trend, it was replaced by the value of the preceding year.

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Table 12. Sources used by the countries to report drug-induced deaths to the EMCDDA, 2020 (or most recent data available)
Country Year Available sources
Austria 2021 Both
Belgium 2019 General register
Bulgaria 2021 Both
Croatia 2021 General register
Cyprus 2021 Special register
Czechia 2020/2021 Both
Denmark 2020/2021 Both
Estonia 2021 General register
Finland 2021 Both
France 2017/2020 Both
Germany 2021 Special register
Greece 2019/2021 Both
Hungary 2021 Both
Ireland 2017 Special register
Italy 2021 Special register
Latvia 2021 Both
Lithuania 2021 General register
Luxembourg 2021 Special register
Malta 2021 Both
Netherlands 2021 General register
Norway 2021 General register
Poland 2020 General register
Portugal 2020/2021 Both
Romania 2021 Special register
Slovakia 2021 Special register
Slovenia 2021 General register
Spain 2020 Both
Sweden 2021 General register
Türkiye 2021 Special register

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Table 13. Sources preferred by the countries to report drug-induced deaths to the EMCDDA, 2020 (or most recent data available)
Country Year Preferred source
Austria 2021 Special register
Belgium 2019 General register
Bulgaria 2021 General register
Croatia 2021 General register
Cyprus 2021 Special register
Czechia 2020/2021 Special register
Denmark 2020/2021 General register
Estonia 2021 General register
Finland 2021 General register
France 2017/2020 General register
Germany 2021 Special register
Greece 2019/2021 General register
Hungary 2021 Special register
Ireland 2017 Special register
Italy 2021 Special register
Latvia 2021 General register
Lithuania 2021 General register
Luxembourg 2021 Special register
Malta 2021 General register
Netherlands 2021 General register
Norway 2021 General register
Poland 2020 General register
Portugal 2020/2021 General register
Romania 2021 Special register
Slovakia 2021 Special register
Slovenia 2021 General register
Spain 2020 General register
Sweden 2021 General register
Türkiye 2021 Special register

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Table 14. Mortality cohort studies among people using drugs in Europe: countries with studies conducted within the last 10 years or earlier. June 2021 – provisional findings
Country Last study
Belgium Within the last 10 years
Bulgaria Within the last 10 years
Croatia Within the last 10 years
Cyprus None
Czechia Within the last 10 years
Denmark Within the last 10 years
Estonia None
Finland Within the last 10 years
France Within the last 10 years
Germany Within the last 10 years
Greece None
Hungary None
Ireland Within the last 10 years
Italy Within the last 10 years
Latvia Within the last 10 years
Lithuania Within the last 10 years
Luxembourg Within the last 10 years
Malta None
Netherlands Within the last 10 years
Poland Within the last 10 years
Portugal Within the last 10 years
Romania More than 10 years
Slovakia Within the last 10 years
Slovenia Within the last 10 years
Spain Within the last 10 years
Sweden Within the last 10 years
Türkiye None
Norway Within the last 10 years

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Table 15. Countries included in the ‘southeast’ and ‘north’ of Europe for this trend analysis
Country Region
Bulgaria Southeast
Croatia Southeast
Cyprus Southeast
Denmark North
Estonia North
Finland North
Greece Southeast
Hungary Southeast
Ireland North
Latvia North
Lithuania North
Luxembourg North
Malta Southeast
Netherlands North
Norway North
Romania Southeast
Slovakia Southeast
Slovenia Southeast
Sweden North
Türkiye Southeast

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Table 16. Number of European countries implementing harm reduction interventions, up to 2022
Year Drug checking Drug consumption rooms Methadone maintenance treatment Needle and syringe programmes Take-home naloxone
1967     1    
1968     2    
1969          
1970     3    
1971          
1972          
1973          
1974     4    
1975     5    
1976          
1977     6    
1978          
1979          
1980          
1981          
1982          
1983          
1984       2  
1985       3  
1986       6  
1987     8 7  
1988       8  
1989     9 11  
1990     11 13  
1991     12    
1992 1   15 14  
1993     16 16  
1994     17 19  
1995     20 21  
1996 2   22    
1997 5   23 25  
1998     26 26  
1999          
2000       27  
2001 7   27    
2002          
2003          
2004          
2005          
2006          
2007       28  
2008          
2009          
2010         1
2011          
2012          
2013         2
2014 8       4
2015   1     6
2016 9 2     7
2017   6     9
2018 10 8     11
2019   9     13
2020 12       15
2021          
2022 12 10 27 28 16

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Frequently asked questions (FAQ): drug overdose deaths in Europe
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